Photo by Lou Murphy
Does more choice make us happier?
This is the question that drives Barry Schwartz, professor of psychology at Swarthmore College.
For example, yesterday I went to the supermarket to get some olive oil. There wasn’t just one brand. There were many different options: cold pressed, virgin, light, from Italy, from Greece, from New Zealand. In fact, there were over 30 different options for me to choose from. And the same goes for everything we encounter, from jobs to detergents: we’re faced with endless options.
So, does more choice make us happier?
Of course this is a question that only applies to our affluent, Western society. Because in poor countries, people have few options.
As Schwartz points out, an official dogma in our Western society proclaims: The more individual freedom someone has, the happier he or she will be.
Here are some problems that come with abundant choice.
I am sure you too know about that: ‘Shall I stay or go?’, ‘Shall I quit this job for that one?’, ‘Shall I have an operation or not?’, ‘Shall I choose this person to be my life partner or that one?’ The list is endless. If we were to add up all the minutes and hours that we spend preoccupied with choices - I think it would add up to a large slice of our life.
We know this phenomenon as dithering! Actually, there is some interesting data here. A researcher investigated how people choose one of the many voluntary retirement funds that are on offer for employees in the USA. She found that for every 5 more options, the participation when down by 2%. So, if an employer reduced available options down from fifty to five, their participation rate went up by 20%. That is, when faced with too much choice, people stopped choosing because they felt overwhemed.
Like Marty Seligman, Schwartz also makes the point that if we have more options, we end up less satisfied with the choice we have made. Why? Because if our choice doesn’t turn out to be perfect (which is won’t), then it is easy to imagine that another choice would have been better. The easier it is to choose, the easier it is to feel regret about the choice we made.
The effect of the escalation of expectations is that if things don’t turn out right, we tend to blame ourselves. Schwartz sees a link between the explosion of depression in the industrial Western world, and the disappointment and self-blame that comes from too many choices.
As you can see, this is a substantial list of drawbacks that come with abundant choice. According to Schwartz, some choice is better than non, but more choice is worse than some.
According to Schwartz, people fall into two groups according to how they respond to choices. He calles them ‘Maximizers’ and ‘Satisficers’.
Are you a Maximizer or a Satisficer?
Answer the following question to find out:
“When I am in the car listening to the radio, I often check other stations to see if something better is playing, even if I am relatively satisfied with what I’m listening to” - yes or no?
If you answered ‘yes’, you are a Maximizer. If you answered ‘no’, you are a satisfizer. Research shows that Maximizers Do Better, Satisficers Feel Better.
Here are recommendations by Schwartz that he offered graduate students at their leaving ceremony:
He qualifies this recommendation and says,
Close relationships impose constraints on our life. Schwartz’ point is that these constraints are not a cost; they are actually part of the benefit!
A calling satisfies - and binds. People with a calling are doing something that will not lose its value, even if they are stuck doing it for the next forty years.
Abundant choice does not make us happier
I think it’s important to keep in perspective that there are many people living in poverty who desperately need more choices. And there are people in authoritarian regimes who need more choice. But those of us who live in one of the Western industrial nations are confronted by too much choice.
There is an interesting line in a well-known Zen poem that bears on today’s theme:
The Great Way is not difficult;
Just avoid picking and choosing.
What is your experience of happiness versus choice?
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Relevant links

People make fun of me because when I go to a restaurant, I’ll just order the first thing I see that looks good. That means that if I like the first entree, I don’t need to see the rest of the menu. I’d rather make a good choice quickly than make the best choice after a lot of contemplation. If it’s not great then I’ll know that for next time.
On the other hand, when I’m shopping for a car, I’ll research every possibility, considering makes, models, trims, options, colors, new vs. used, etc. I actually think that’s fun, unlike reading a menu, which seems like work. Some people might think that sounds completely backwards, and that’s fine–we can all choose when to choose.
@Hunter
I agree with you about the menu thing! I once spent a year working as a consultant mostly living in hotels in cities other than my hometown, and thus always eating out at restaurants and cafes. Might sound like fun, but after no longer than a week of it it becomes fairly dreadful (especially when eating in public without company) - and the menu thing is the worst. The bigger the selection a restaurant had, the more aggravating I began to find it, until I literally began to just find the main meal section of the menu, close my eyes, and stab randomly at it with my finger to decide my meal. It was always nice food, of course, and that way the agony of choice stopped plaguing me!
I sure am glad I’m a “poor” student again, living in the same apartment every day and eating the same cornflakes for breakfast every morning…
The other thing that strikes me is that my creativity is much stronger if I am constrained . If I set out with a white page and give myself total freedom of what to write - nothing much happens. But when I set myself a topic or question, my creativity starts to spark. It’s as if my mind rubs up against the barriers I have set myself and that friction starts ideas to flow.
Is there anyone else who experience that?
This is as clear as hell to me. Maybe less in writing as in painting. Years and years ago, when I was a student at the academy of visual arts, on some sunny day the professor would send us out in the fields with words simular like this: ‘find yourself something to paint after nature, but don’t hesitate to long, don’t make to much of a fuzz of it. If you have found something you like, set a few lines and just start to paint and things will come to you by themselves, will gather and will tell you how they like to be painted.’ And he also gave some words of Cezanne: ‘If you have found a spot, don’t start to paint immediately, but first sit down and allow your senses to become familiar with your surroundings, so they don’t come distracted anymore from your subject. Then start to paint.’ Of course as a young student I didn’t listen very well and kept on searching and searching for the perfect thing to paint, never allowing myself to be with whatever simple things I saw. This left me with a whole lot of thought and beautiful and long walks, but very few paintings. I taught myself very well to walk away from the subject. Now after many many years I just begin to see a little what the professor ment by his words and painting is becoming more and more mysterious to me.
I’m wondering whether less choice makes us more creative and being more creative makes us happier?
I definitely believe we have too many choices now, especially for things which are unimportant, like groceries. Now that I am a parent and I shop more, I find myself quite brand loyal simply because I don’t want to take in all the different possibilities for shampoo, for example. When the supermarket withdraws a product I buy, like they did recently with my son’s no-nut low-sugar muesli bars (believe me, hard to find) then I freak out at the thought that I now have to assess another 20 muesli bars to find a substitute. Agh!
I also believe the presence of so many choices in today’s world makes it very difficult for people to tune into their innate intuition about what is right for them. Look at the internet; it’s fabulous in so many ways, but if you wanted to research some options before you made a decision, then you’d be reading for a week at least because there’s so much information out there.
I really believe we have all the answers we need inside of us, we just have to be still and ask for them.
Nice blog by the way.
Kelly
I agree that it’s quite difficult to use the internet wisely. I tend to do a lot of research for my posts on the ‘net. Sometimes it’s difficult to know when to stop. How much information is enough? How much choice is enough?
I took a long walk with the question you have put up, and yes, less choice makes us more creative (to work with the very few things that are available forces me to come up with creative solutions) and yes, being more creative makes us happier, but It also makes us more sad. Maybe it reads like this: being more creative intensifies our experience.
As a man who likes to channel surf, I am definitely a “Maximizer”.
I might suggest that there is no problem with choice itself (even if we have “too” many choices available). The problem may be in that we assign value to our decisions that are not in alignment with our reality or principles. For example, we place too much importance on some decisions and find ourselves unable to make a decision without significant research (I know that as “analysis paralysis”). Or as Schwarz mentions, we blame ourselves when a decision turns out to be sub-optimum. Instead, we should think of that type of decision as a learning experience which should guide future decisions. Instead, the value some people assign is “failure” and the way to avoid that is to restrict options.
Another way to think of it, is that I’ve got over 200 stations to watch on TV … and while I may spend 30 minutes watching South Park, I should have learned that is not a good use of my time, instead of blaming the excessive number of stations I could have watched. GREAT POST. - Mike@ Zendonut
There is a lot of ‘auch’ in creativity and it goes hand in hand with destruction. In order to come up with something new the old has to go. Than there is choice witch is almost always inreversible. (I’m speaking of painting now, of course creativity is much broader than art alone). And also almost always it is a matter of ‘kill your darlings’ as someone once has put it. So the sadness of the consequences of choice and the destruction of the old goes with the joy of finding something new.
Your post reminded me that both parts of my spilt personality - the Writer and the Editor - are part of the whole creative process.
My Editor is brutal: All she says is, “Kill that!” or, “No, not like that!”, “Oh gawd - won’t you ever learn to spell?!”
When I’m in the Writer, I’m elated and LOVE life.
When I’m in the Editor, I drag my tail and plod.
Interesting post. But it seems to me that if you are going to summarize the ideas in a fellow’s book, you ought to cite the book and the author upfront (i.e., these ideas are from Barry Schwartz’ book The Paradox of Choice) and maybe give a direct link to Amazon.com or other seller so the author can derive benefit from his ideas.
Ineresting post. But it seems to me that if you are going to summarize the ideas in a fellow’s book, you ought to cite the book and the author upfront—I didn’t see the author’s name or the name of the book at the beginning of the article and didn’t know you were summarizing his latest book!
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